Titus, Hamlet And Prospero Are All Characters That Plot Revenge Agains

Titus, Hamlet and Prospero are all characters that plot revenge against those who wronged them. There are similarities and differences in the ways they decide to deal with their vengeance. Both Titus and Hamlet use death as their source of revenge. Titus kills the Queen of the Goths son, Alarbus, not unlike Hamlet who kills the Queen of Denmark's husband, the King, Claudius. The two of them both kill for a family member so they can rest in peace. Titus for his sons, and Hamlet for his father. However, Titus kills Alarbus quickly and without hesitation. On the other hand, Hamlet moves slowly to kill Claudius making sure he is the one to kill. Titus and Hamlet killed out of love for their blood. Hamlet and Prospero both dealt with their situation differently although the outcome was the same, they got the revenge they wanted. Hamlet used his sword for vengeance and everyone ends up dying except for those chosen few. Conversely, Prospero uses his magic to teach his lesson and no one dies. Inversely, they are similar because they both made everyone think the opposite of what actually was. Hamlet made everyone think he was crazy. Prospero had everyone believing he was dead. The two were both betrayed by their own blood and handled the case in a different way. Titus and Prospero both know exactly what they need to do. Neither one of them pause or delayed their revenge, no unnecessary time was lost. Diversely, with Titus everyone seems to die, but, with Prospero death is not in his plan. To avenge his sons' death is what Titus wants. Prospero wants to gain his dukedom back. They both knew what they wanted done and did it. Achieving revenge for what they believe is a characteristic that they all share. Although their methods differ the results are alike in the way that all three accomplished what they needed to move on.

Top French Romance Films

Top French Romance Films Well, they say French is the language of love, so what better language to watch romantic movies in? Cyrano de Bergerac   A beautiful, touching, and humorous love story. Cyrano loves Roxanne but fears rejection due to his overly-large nose. Roxanne loves Christian, and he, in turn, loves her but does not have the ability to express his love. Cyrano helps Christian by expressing his love to Roxanne via Christian. This is the original film, made in 1950 in black and white. It has been remade a few times, including in the US as  Roxanne, with Steve Martin. Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) Gerard Depardieu plays a soldier who returns to his wife after many years and has changed so much (in more than just personality) that his wife and neighbors are not sure its the same person. A beautiful love story as well as an interesting look at medieval France. Remade in the US as  Sommersby, with Jodie Foster and Richard Gere. Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) A classic French romantic movie, by Marcel Carne. A mime falls in love with a theater troupe actress but faces a lot of competition for her affections. Shot in black and white in 1946 (while Paris was under German occupation), but set in the 19th century. Its a must see! La Belle et la bà ªte (Beauty and the Beast) Youve probably seen some version of this classic French romance, but the original- in black and white- is by far the best. This beautiful, sensual film by Jean Cocteau is about love, inner beauty, and obsession, and is nothing short of a magical fairy tale. Baisers volà ©s (Stolen Kisses) This sequel to 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cent Coups) couldnt be more different to its predecessor. Antoine loves Christine, who is indifferent until her admirer falls for another women. Christine then realizes (decides?) that she does want him after all, and tries to woo him back. A very sweet movie by Franà §ois Truffaut and Jean-Pierre Là ©aud. Les Roseaux savages (Wild Reeds) Andrà © Tà ©chinà ©s 1994 film, set in 1964, is a beautiful coming-of-age story about four teenagers and their experiences with relationships and the effects of Frances war in Algeria. Beautiful cinematography and a great soundtrack, to boot. This film won 4 Cà ©sar awards. Les Nuits de la pleine lune (Full Moon in Paris) A wonderful romantic comedy and the fourth installment in director Eric Rohmers Comedies and Proverbs series. Louise (played by the talented Pascale Ogier, who tragically died the year the film was released) grows bored with her lover and decides to spice up her (love) life. Humor and tragedy ensue. LAmi de mon amie (Boyfriends and Girlfriends) Another from the Comedies and Proverbs series, this film looks at love and friendship. Which is more important: passion or companionship? Is boyfriend-swapping really such a good idea after all? Find out with this movie. Une Liaison pornographique (An Affair of Love) Dont let the ironic French title put you off; this is a beautiful, erotic love story about two people who meet looking for anonymous sex but end up finding much more. A beautiful and mysterious tale of love. LHistoire dAdà ¨le H (The Story of Adele H) The true story of Victor Hugos daughter and her obsession with a French lieutenant. Not a happy story, but certainly a beautiful and intriguing movie.

Catherine of Aragon - the Kings Great Matter

Catherine of Aragon - the Kings Great Matter Continued from: Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII The End of a Marriage With England allied against Catherines nephew, the Emperor Charles V, and with Henry VIII desperate for a legitimate male heir, the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, once a supportive and, it seemed, loving relationship, unraveled. Henry had begun his flirtation with Anne Boleyn sometime in 1526 or 1527. Annes sister, Mary Boleyn, had been Henrys mistress, and Anne had been a lady-in-waiting to Henrys sister, Mary, when she was Queen of France, and later a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon herself. Anne resisted Henrys pursuit, refusing to become his mistress. Henry, after all, wanted a legitimate male heir. Always Invalid? By 1527, Henry was citing Biblical verses Leviticus 18:1-9 and Leviticus 20:21, interpreting these to mean that his marriage to his brothers widow explained his lack of a male heir by Catherine. That was the year, 1527, when Charles Vs army sacked Rome and took Pope Clement VII prisoner. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as king of Spain, was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon his mother was Catherines sister, Joanna (known as Juana the Mad). Henry VIII saw this as an opportunity to go to the bishops who could use the Popes incapacity to themselves rule that Henrys marriage to Catherine had not been valid. In May of 1527, with the Pope still a prisoner of the Emperor, Cardinal Wolsey held a trial to examine whether the marriage was valid. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused to support Henrys position. In June of 1527, Henry asked Catherine for a formal separation, offering her an opportunity to retire to a nunnary. Catherine did not accept Henrys suggestion that she retire quietly so that he could remarry, on the grounds that she remained the true queen. Catherine asked her nephew Charles V to intervene and to try to influence the pope to refuse any request of Henrys to annul the marriage. Appeals to the Pope Henry sent an appeal with his secretary to Pope Clement VII in 1528, asking for his marriage to Catherine to be annulled. (This is often referred to as a divorce, but technically, Henry was asking for an annulment, a finding that his first marriage had not been a true marriage.) The request was amended quickly to also ask that the Pope permit Henry to marry within the first degree of affinity though not a brothers widow, and permit Henry to marry someone previously contracted to marry if the marriage was never consummated. These circumstances fit the situation with Anne Boleyn completely. He had previously had a relationship with Annes sister, Mary. Henry continued to muster scholarly and expert opinions to refine and extend his arguments. Catherines argument against Henrys was simple: she simply affirmed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, which would make the whole argument about consanguinity moot. Campeggis Trial The Pope was no longer a prisoner of the Emperor, Catherines nephew, in 1529, but he was still largely under the control of Charles. He sent his legate, Campeggi, to England to try to find some alternate solution. Campeggi convened a court in May of 1529 to hear the case. Both Catherine and Henry appeared and spoke. That Catherine knelt before Henry and appealed to him is likely an accurate depiction of that event. But after that, Catherine stopped cooperating with Henrys legal actions. She left the court hearings and refused to return another day when ordered to do so. Campeggis court adjourned without a verdict. It did not reconvene. Catherine had continued to live at court, though Henry was often with Anne Boleyn. She even continued to make Henrys shirts, which enraged Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine fought publicly. The End of Wolsey Henry VIII had trusted his chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, to handle what was called the Kings Great Matter. When Wolseys work did not result in the action Henry expected, Henry dismissed Cardinal Wolsey from his position as chancellor. Henry replaced him with a lawyer, Thomas More, rather than a clergyman. Wolsey, charged with treason, died the next year before he could be tried. Henry continued to marshal arguments for his divorce. In 1530, an treatise by a scholarly priest, Thomas Cranmer, that defended Henrys annulment, came to Henrys attention. Cranmer advised that Henry rely on the opinions of scholars in European universities rather than on the Pope. Henry increasingly relied on Cranmers counsel. The Pope, instead of responding positively to Henrys plea for a divorce, issued an order forbidding Henry from marrying until Rome came to a final decision on the divorce. The Pope also ordered secular and religious authorities in England to stay out of the matter. So, in 1531, Henry held a clerical court that declared Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This effectively overrode the Popes authority to make decisions, not only about the marriage itself, but about those in the English church who cooperated with Henrys pursuit of the divorce. Catherine Sent Away On July 11, 1531, Henry sent Catherine to live in relative isolation in Ludlow, and she was cut off from all contact with their daughter, Mary. She never saw Henry or Mary in person again. In 1532, Henry obtained the support of Francis I, the French king, for his actions, and secretly married Anne Boleyn. Whether she became pregnant before or after that ceremony is not certain, but she was definitely pregnant before the second wedding ceremony on January 25, 1533. Catherines household was moved several times to different locations on Henrys orders, and such close friends as her long-time companion (from before Catherines marriage to Henry) Maria de Salinas were forbidden contact with Mary. Another Trial A new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, then convened a clerical court in May of 1533, and found Henrys marriage to Catherine null. Catherine refused to appear at the hearing. Catherines title of Dowager Princess of Wales was restored as Arthurs widow but she refused to accept that title. Henry reduced her household further, and she was moved again. On May 28, 1533, he declared Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn to be valid. Anne Boleyn was crowned as Queen on June 1, 1533, and on September 7, gave birth to a daughter they named Elizabeth, after both her grandmothers. Catherines Supporters Catherine had much support, including Henrys sister, Mary, married to Henrys friend Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was also more popular with the general public than was Anne, seen as a usurper and interloper. Women seemed especially likely to support Catherine. The visionary Elizabeth Barton, called the nun of Kent, was charged with treason for her outspoken opposition. Sir Thomas Elyot remained an advocate, but managed to avoid Henrys wrath. And she still had the support of her nephew, with his influence over the Pope. Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession When the Pope finally pronounced Henry and Catherines marriage valid, on March 23, 1534, it was too late to influence any of Henrys actions. Also that month, Parliament passed an Act of Succession (legally described as being 1533, since the calendar year then changed at the end of March). Catherine was sent in May to Kimbolten Castle, with a much-reduced household. Even the Spanish ambassador was not permitted access to speak with her. In November, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, recognizing the ruler of England as the supreme head of the Church of England. Parliament also passed an Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, requiring of all English subjects an oath to support the Act of Succession. Catherine refused to swear any such oath, which would acknowledge Henrys position as head of the church, her own daughter as illegitimate and Annes children as Henrys heirs. More and Fisher Thomas More, also unwilling to take an oath to support the Act of Succession, and having opposed Henrys marriage to Anne, was charged with treason, imprisoned, and executed. Bishop Fisher, an early and consistent opponent of the divorce and supporter of Catherines marriage, was also imprisoned for refusing to recognize Henry as head of the church. While in prison, the new Pope, Paul III, made Fisher a cardinal, and Henry hurried Fishers trial for treason. More and Fisher were both beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1886 and canonized in 1935. Catherines Last Years In 1534 and 1535, when Catherine heard that her daughter Mary was ill, each time she asked to be able to see her and nurse her, but Henry refused to allow that. Catherine did get word out to her supporters to urge the Pope to excommunicate Henry. When, in December 1535, Catherines friend Maria de Salinas heard that Catherine was ill, she asked permission to see Catherine. Refused, she forced herself into Catherines presence anyway. Chapuys, the Spanish ambassador, was also allowed to see her. He left on January 4. On the night of January 6, Catherine dictated letters to be sent to Mary and to Henry, and she died on January 7, in the arms of her friend Maria. Henry and Anne were said to celebrate upon hearing of Catherines death. After Catherines Death When Catherines body was examined after her death, a black growth was found on her heart. The physician of the time pronounced the cause poisoning which her supporters seized on as more reason to oppose Anne Boleyn. But most modern experts looking at the record would suggest that a more likely cause was cancer. Catherine was buried as the Dowager Princess of Wales at Peterborough Abbey on January 29, 1536. Emblems used were of Wales and Spain, not of England. Centuries later, Queen Mary, married to George V, had Catherines gravesite improved and marked with the title Katharine Queen of England. Only when Henry married his third wife, Jane Seymour, did Henry invalidate his second marriage to Anne Boleyn and reaffirm the validity of his marriage to Catherine, restoring their daughter Mary to the succession after any later male heirs he might have. Next: Catherine of Aragon Bibliography About Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon Facts | Early Life and First Marriage | Marriage to Henry VIII | The Kings Great Matter | Catherine of Aragon Books | Mary I | Anne Boleyn | Women in the Tudor Dynasty

Enterprise Architecture Q&A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enterprise Architecture Q&A - Assignment Example The business principle aims at ensuring that disruptions to the enterprise operations resulting from system interruptions are decreased. Therefore, technical architecture must provide users of the enterprise the capability to continue their business functions (Minoli, 2008). Hence, because the business principle is business continuity then the technical architecture is likely to adapt to ensure continuity of business function through capabilities established by the enterprise. When the business principle changes to maximize benefits of the enterprise, this ensures little fragmentation of the technical architecture while maximizing investment that serves enterprise-wide purpose as opposed to solutions that serve individual business units (Minoli, 2008). Because the business principle changed to maximize benefits, the technical architecture would now need to focus on priorities set by the entire enterprise to avoid duplication that can be expensive. In the above CRUD matrix, three processes are identified that include student registration, tutor support and coaching. Online registration provides information regarding the student that can be edited and accessed as needed. Tutor support and coaching enable a student to access the necessary course document while relating with the tutor

Gender Inequality at work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Inequality at work place - Essay Example In the society there is need to create definite balance in making analysis about gender inequality, men should as well be considered as the impact of the inequality against women at work place affects them either directly or indirectly. In some cases, they are the victims too. All over the world men and women have naturally done different kinds of work. Men have characteristically done jobs that are much physical in nature and require more efforts whereas women tended to do less physical duties, mostly service-oriented kind of jobs. The three factors that are often used to describe inequality at workplace include cultural factors, discriminatory factors. Cultural values where women in certain countries are not allowed to do some jobs due to state laws, religion, and public view with historical connotations. Race can also be used to hinder one not necessarily women from being given certain jobs basing on cultural beliefs, the discriminatory aspect of it ranges from various instance su ch as sex, age, color of the skin, level of education among others. Race can be a determinant in the segregation of awarding of jobs Devey reiterates that some jobs are kept for white basing on the quality. Social perspectives where by some jobs are predominantly done by certain gender for example mechanical works, engineering among others.Federal state anti-discriminatory laws have been passed and put onto action in several states in the U.S. with effect it has improved availabilities of several opportunities for women at work place.

Choose three significant scenes during the course of Romeo Essay Example for Free

Choose three significant scenes during the course of Romeo Essay Juliets character is dramatically portrayed in this play. The two main characters, Juliet Capulet and Romeo Montague both change and mature over the progress of the play but Juliet changes from what could be seen as girl to woman in just under a week. There is a definite difference in her personality from the meeting of Romeo to her marriage to him. As the play progresses, we see Juliet maturing and developing into an independent young woman, which is quite different from the beginning of the play when Juliet never thought of marriage or of defying her parents and family. In Scene 1 Act 3 Juliet enters the play alongside Lady Capulet and the Nurse, who approach her to talk about a forthcoming marriage that Lady Capulet and her husband have planned. They want her to marry Paris at the age of thirteen, however with Juliet being so young and unsure of herself, and of what marriage entails, she does not really have anything to say on the issue. Before they start to talk about this subject, the Nurse and Lady Capulet talk about Juliets age, and Shakespeare seems to make sure that the point she is only thirteen stand out among all other things in order to show her vulnerability and her youthfulness to the audience. The Nurse talks about when Juliet was only a baby and the Nurse was there as a wet nurse to Juliet. She reminisces about Juliet being the prettiest babe that eer I nursed (Line 60), after which the nurse gives a long speech that is full of sexual innuendos which Juliet does not understand. This shows the lack of maturity and the vulnerability that Juliet has, because if she does not understand the jokes, then she may not understand other more important things that are said to her. However depending on the director who is directing the performance, a performance may make Juliet understand the whole speech and laugh at the jokes or the opposite may be shown in her not listening to the Nurse. If the Nurse directs her speech solely at Lady Capulet it would again show the youthfulness and naivety of Juliet. When Lady Capulet finally gets to talk to Juliet about the topic of marriage Juliet does not seem to understand what she is meaning by it. She has never thought of marriage nor does she wish to for a while. Lady Capulet attempts to get Juliet to look at marriage and describes her own past, telling her that she was already expecting her at the age Juliet is now. Juliet replies Ill look to like, if looking liking move. (Line 97 98). This again shows her immaturity to marriage as she thinks that marriage can happen only if she wants it to and that she can choose when she wants to love someone. In Act 2 Scene 2, Romeo and Juliet are able to talk in private without any distractions. This is a big scene for Juliets character development because she finally meets some one that she thinks she loves and it shows her as not being the nai ve child that she was but now growing towards being a mature woman. However, she despairs about the dispute between the Capulet and Montague family households as she asks herself wherefore are thou Romeo? (Line 33) meaning Why are you called Romeo? She talks about how it would be if he were not called Romeo so that everything would be alright and she would be allowed to love him, but because he is part of the Montague household, then she cannot. This again shows some maturity because she understands the point as to why she should not love him. Once Romeo actually comes out and shows himself to Juliet, she is concerned for his safety. Normally if a member of a household from Montague was to invade the Capulet home then Juliet would cry out but because she feels love for him in the short amount of time they have been together, then she does not. Juliet feels a new type of love that she has not felt before, showing her progression into adolescence. Juliet admits embarrassment about talking of her love to Romeo. She pleads with Romeo and asks him if he loves her and wants an honest answer. No innocent young girl would ask a man if he loved her, showing again the maturity that Juliet has been given by Shakespeare in the very short amount of time in that evening. This scene shows the progress of Juliets maturity again as she is talking to Romeo and discussing their love affair which is actually forbidden and would be seen to be wrong by her parents. This is showing evidence of the beginnings of rebellion and individualism from her as she normally would have followed the rules of her parents, but now she is doing things behind their back. Scene 3 Act 5 deals with many aspects showing Juliets capacity for becoming a young woman. She has to make many difficult choices in this scene and there is no one around that she can turn to and look to for help. She has just spent the night with Romeo in her bedroom and warns him that he must leave, otherwise there is the risk of him being caught. However the Nurse comes in warning Juliet that her mother is coming. She must now get Romeo to leave her room so that he isnt found by her mother. However they seem to not be able to part from each other, showing their affection and love for each other. When Lady Capulet enters the room, Juliet feels uncomfortable with her presence there and would rather she left. She says Madam, I am not well. (Line 78) to try to get rid of her but it does not work. Juliet has again to lie to her mother when she says Indeed I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him Dead. (Line 93 94). Of course this is not true, but to protect the secret of her relationship to Romeo, she cannot give rise to any suspicions in Lady Capulet, even if this means asking her to kill him. Her increasingly adult emotions lead her to protecting Romeo at all costs, even if it means deceiving her mother. Lady Capulet came to talk to Juliet about her getting married the very next day. Juliet was not happy and did not want to get married to Paris as she is already married to Romeo, however neither Lady Capulet nor her husband knows this. Juliet protests and refuses to marry him, however Lady Capulet tells her that she must take it up with her father. When Capulet enters the room he is happy and cheerful, however this is soon to change after he has talked to Juliet. Juliet must build up the courage that she would not have been able to do earlier on in her life, to tell her father that she does not want to marry Paris. She has to explain to him that she is thankful that he has tried to make her marriage perfect but without giving away the hint that she is already involved with someone else. She has to suffer the many insults that Capulet throws at her and almost be physically assaulted by him, as he says My fingers itch. (Line 164). The Nurse and Lady Capulet try to help her at first but nothing is accomplished and finally, when Capulet leaves, Juliet is feeling at her lowest point. She turns to her Mother for support but she simply says Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. Juliet then turns to her good friend the Nurse, however again the Nurse will not help and support her. The Nurse explains to Juliet that Romeo is an impossible match and maybe it is not such a good idea to stay with him. She tells her that Paris is a good man and worthy of her love. This makes Juliet feel as though she is just a little girl again as she is being told what she must do and that her opinion is not needed. However Juliet is not about to be kept at this level, so she tells the audience that she will go to the Friar and seek help there, but if that fails, then she always has the power to die. Just saying this shows an immense emotional development by Juliet. No little girl would say the things that she has says, which proves to us that she is no little girl anymore. She is turning into a woman and her parents are helping her even when they are shouting at her, because it gives her more strength to stand up to them later on. Act 4 Scene 3 is one of the most important scenes in the play and here, Shakespeare portrays the character of Juliet as maturing to an even higher level and shows her growing from adolescence to womanhood, and also shows the highs and lows of her emotions. This scene shows her ready to take the potion that she has just been given by the Friar, even while not knowing exactly what it may do to her. She does not know if it is actually poison or what the side effects may be, as she wonders, What if it be a poison which the friar Subtly hath ministered to have me dead, Lest in this marriage he should be dishonoured, Because he married me before to Romeo? (Line 24-27). Juliet is unsure of whether or not to trust the Friar, showing us that the innocence of her younger self has been replaced by a more cynical distrust of other peoples motives. Her thoughts become very morbid and she starts to imagine the terror of waking up, trapped in the vault with her dead ancestors. She drinks the potion, calling out Romeo! Romeo! Romeo! I drink to thee. (Line 58). Her willingness to take this huge risk shows how desperate she is to be with Romeo and how she cannot bear the thought of being forced to marry Paris, emphasising her true, fully developed, adult love for Romeo. In this play of Shakespeares, Juliet has turned from a young girl who was not able to make up her own mind about important issues and who was dependent on her family, into a fully developed woman who could look after herself, lie when she had to and was emotionally independent. At the beginning of the play, she had no idea what was really meant by marriage or what love really was. But once she met Romeo, she started to change and mature, and would even deceive her own family in order to protect the love between herself and Romeo. Juliet chose her love of Romeo over everything else, even when it led to their tragic deaths. Her words, behaviours and responses throughout the play, show her development from innocence and naivety through to full maturity as the play reaches its tragic conclusion.

Securing the Crime Scene Essay -- Crime

When the call comes in that a crime has been committed, the police are dispatched to the crime scene. When the police arrive on scene, they need to take control by apprehending any suspects and looking for witnesses/victims. If the scene is not safe, the first responders must secure the area. If anyone is hurt, they should call for medical personnel as soon as possible. The first police officer on scene is usually in charge until a criminal investigator arrives on scene. Depending on the crime committed, the crime scene could be as small as the interior room of a building or as large as the whole neighborhood. The whole crime scene area needs to be secure so that evidence is not tampered with by anyone. The police officer in charge can start a search for more evidence so that it can be secured by the time investigators arrive on scene. There are five different search methods; the point-to-point movement, ever-widening circle, ever-narrowing circle, zone or sector search, and the strip or grid search (Lushbaugh, and Weston, 2011). Each search is used under different circumstances that all depend on how large the crime scene is and if it has occurred indoors, outdoors, inside of a building, etc. Once a criminal investigator arrives, the police should have the area secured so the investigators can do their jobs. Investigators will enter the crime scene and will have some equipment to preserve evidence on hand. Evidence won’t be removed until proper procedures are followed so that it is not jeopardized. They will number each piece of evidence and take pictures of it. For example, if there was a drop of blood on the ground, a number would be put next to it and a picture would be taken. The pictures will be up close, ... ...y quickly and can document accurately. Investigators can go over the crime scene and look for any evidence that may have been missed. Overall, crime scenes that are committed inside of a building are a little easier to deal with than an outside crime scene. References Department of Justice. (n.d.). All about forensic science. Retrieved from http://www.all-about- forensic-science.com/types-of-crime-scene.html Katz, M., Scheck, O., & Bode, N. (2011). Man stabbed to death outside chelsea nightclub where lebron james partied. Dna info, Retrieved from http://www.dnainfo.com/20110926/chelsea-hells-kitchen/man-found-stabbed-death- Chelsea Layton, J. (2005). How crime scene investigation works. Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/csi2.htm Lushbaugh, C. A., & Weston, P. B. (2011). Criminal investigation basic perspectives. (12 ed.). Pearson.

Write Feature Story

What Are Feature Stories? Feature stories are human-interest articles that focus on particular people, places and events. Feature stories are journalistic, researched, descriptive, colorful, thoughtful, reflective, thorough writing about original ideas. Feature stories cover topics in depth, going further than mere hard news coverage by amplifying and explaining the most interesting and important elements of a situation or occurrence. Feature stories are popular content elements of newspapers, magazines, blogs, websites, newsletters, television broadcasts and other mass media.While journalists reporting late-breaking hard news don't have enough preparation time and copy length to include much background and description, writers of features have the space and time to evoke imagery in their stories and fill in details of the circumstances and atmosphere. A feature story is not meant to report the latest breaking news, but rather an in-depth look at a subject. Feature articles range fro m the news feature that provides sidebar background to a current event hard news story, to a relatively timeless story that has natural human interest.Features generally are longer than hard-news articles because the feature penetrates deeper into its subject, expanding on the details rather than trying to concentrate on a few important key points. In hard news stories, often referred to as inverted pyramid style, the reporter makes the point, sets the tone, and frames the issue in the first paragraph or two. In a feature story, on the other hand, the writer has the time and space to develop the theme, but sometimes postpones the main point until the end. The whole story does not have to be encapsulated in the lead. Typical typesThere are many kinds of feature stories. Here are some popular types: Human Interest: The best-known kind of feature story is the human-interest story that discusses issues through the experiences of another. Profiles: A very common type of feature is the pr ofile that reveals an individual's character and lifestyle. The profile exposes different facets of the subject so readers will feel they know the person. How-To: These articles help people learn by telling them how to do something. The writer learns about the topic through education, experience, research or interviews with experts.Historical Features: These features commemorate important dates in history or turning points in our social, political and cultural development. They offer a useful juxtaposition of then and now. Historical features take the reader back to revisit an event and issues surrounding it. A variation is the this date in history short feature, which reminds people of significant events on a particular date. Seasonal Themes: Stories about holidays and the change of seasons address matters at specific times of a year. For instance, they cover life milestones, social, political and cultural cycles, and business cycles.Behind the Scenes: Inside views of unusual occup ations, issues, and events give readers a feeling of penetrating the inner circle or being a mouse in a corner. Readers like feeling privy to unusual details and well kept secrets about procedures or activities they might not ordinarily be exposed to or allowed to participate in. Non-fiction stories Feature stories are journalistic reports. They are not opinion essays or editorials. They should not be confused with creative writing or works of fiction. The writer's opinions and attitudes are not important to the story.The writer keeps herself or himself out of the story. Writing in the third person helps maintain the necessary distance. Telling stories Hard news stories report very timely events that have just occurred. Feature stories, on the other hand, are soft news because they are not as timely, not as swiftly reported. Feature writers have the extra time to complete background research, interviews and observation for their stories. Here are some suggestions for polishing featu re writing skills and developing an eye for feature story ideas.Feature stories give readers information in a pleasing, entertaining format that highlights an issue by describing the people, places, events and ideas that shape it. Feature stories are really more like nonfiction short stories than hard news stories. While there should a news peg for the existence of a story at a particular time, the immediacy of the event is secondary in a feature story. In fact, sometimes there is no immediate event. The power of a feature story lies in its ability to amplify the focus on an issue through first-rate story telling, irony, humor, human appeal, atmosphere and colorful details.Features have a clear beginning, middle and end and are longer than hard-news stories. Gathering data Journalists use three tools to gather information for stories: observation, interview and background research. After completing these, the writer brings the story to life through colorful description, meaningful a necdotes and significant quotes. These elements are obtained when interviewing and observing by jotting down everything encountered – smells, noises, colors, textures, emotions, details seen and heard in the surroundings. The journalist keeps an open mind while interviewing subjects and researching sources.The writer avoids steering the story or imposing personal ideas on the sources. The writer avoids deciding on the theme of the story until sufficient information has been gathered to show a direction or point of view. Story format The information in a feature is organized differently from hard news stories. Sometimes a writer uses several paragraphs of copy at the outset to engage the reader before getting on with the main elements of the story. After the title and opening paragraph grab a reader, narrative hooks are used to persuade the reader to continue reading.These hooks are attractive story elements such as action, mystery, drama or appealing characters intended to pu ll the reader forward through the story. They are complex narratives that come to life through colorful description, meaningful anecdotes and significant quotes. In hard news stories, the reporter makes the point, sets the tone, and frames the issue in the first paragraph or two. In feature stories, the whole story does not have to be encapsulated in an inverted pyramid lead. The writer can develop the storyline in a variety of ways and choose to postpone the main point until later in the copy or even the end.A writer can choose to tell the story out of order to engage the reader's interest. A story could begin with a dramatic moment and, once the reader is curious, the story could flash back to the history needed to understand it. A story-within-a-story could be used with a narrator in the outer story telling the inner story to satisfy the curiosity of readers. A storyline could alert readers that the story began in a way that seemed ordinary, but they must follow it to understand what happened eventually. As with any news reporting, feature stories are subject to the journalistic standards of accuracy, fairness and precision.The quality of a story is judged on its content, organization and mechanics. Features writers use The Associated Press Stylebook for correct journalistic style. How long are these articles? Newspaper features often are 500 to 2500 words in length. Magazine features usually are 500 to 5,000 words. Features on websites and blogs generally range from 250–2500 words, but hard drive space is relatively inexpensive so the length could vary dramatically through the use of non-linear hyperlinking of content. Any medium might use a shorter or longer story than usual, depending on its perceived value.Attention spans seem to grow ever shorter so brevity is valued. More than ever, all writing today needs to be clear and concise. Illustrations Every story is illustrated, usually with one or more photographs, but the art can be drawings, painti ngs, sketches, video or machinima, colorful graphs and charts, or other creative expressions depending on the medium for which the feature is packaged for dissemination. Is this just for print journalists? As newspapers and other print media face stiffer competition today from Internet news media, more feature stories are published because they can be more engaging to read.Wire services, such as the Associated Press and reuters, which once distributed mostly hard news, now send feature stories to members. Public relations professionals frequently write feature articles. For instance, a company newsletter story profiling employees voluntarily helping the local community could benefit employees and their families as well as the firm's stockholders. Or a profile of a corporate CEO could be released to media when the firm makes news. Broadcast journalists use human interest stories, profiles, historical pieces, seasonal packages, behind the scenes revelations and even how-to description s.These can be seen and heard everywhere in television and radio news. A typical television news package includes an edited set of video clips for a story narrated by a reporter following a written script. Unlike a magazine article, for example, the TV feature story also will have audio, video, graphics and video effects. A news anchor with an over-the-shoulder graphic will be seen reading a lead-in introduction before the package is aired and concluding the story with additional information called a tag.

Report on Banglalion Wimax Ltd.

Prospects of Wimax Industry Development in Savar Area (Banglalion) [pic] September 20, 2011 To, Lecturer, Golam Mohammad Forkan Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Subject: Submission of Report on â€Å"Prospects of Wimax Industry Development in Savar Area† Sir, With due respect, we want to state that, we are the students of Eastern University, of B. B. A. program. We are supposed to do a report on â€Å"Prospects of Wimax Industry Development in Savar Area† In this report we have discussed about the prospects and possibilities of Wimax industry and Banglalion. Here we mainly discussed customer acceptability of these two. Our Marketing Research course teacher gives us an overall idea about how to write the report, which help us a lot to conclude this report. Without his gracious contributions we may not be able to complete this report successfully. Sincerely yours, ______________ Md, Fazle Rabbi Jico ID#082200068 On Behalf of my group members. Prospects of Wimax Industry Development in Savar Area (Banglalion) Prepared for: Golam Mohamad Forkan Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Administration Eastern University Prepared by: MD. Fazle Rabbi Jico ID: 082200068 MD Afzal Hossain ID: 082200026 Shakir Mafsur ID: 082200121 Basir Uddin Amit ID: 082200127 Section: 02 Eastern University 20th September, 2011 Table of content |Particulars |Page No. |Letter of transmittal |2 | |Executive Summary | 5-6 | |Introduction | 7-18 | |Background | 19-21 | |Objective of the report | 22 | |Methodology |22 | |Scope and Limitation of the report |22 | |Company Overview | 23-25 | |Results And Discussions | 26-29 | |Findings | 30 | |Recommendation and Conclusion | 31 |Reference | | |Appendix | 32-43 | |Bibliography | | Executive Summary Success of business depends on several factors and wise decisions; so far Banglalion wimax a wireless internet connectivity provider has been conducting its business quite successfully having great respo nse in Bangladesh. As a company it has got enough fund and sponsors to invest more to capture market share of internet user. According to demand it has given its response towards it gradually and knowing the demand doing continuous research and promotion. Internet service providers association Bangladesh, Sirius broadband, Access telecom ltd, Bangladesh online ltd, Bijoy ISP in Bangladesh, Agni system ltd, Dhakacom ltd, Neksus, Isn, are broadband service providers. Broadband connection provides mainly post paid service and due to weather hazard it get disconnected and during rainy season its quality go down for all the subscribers, and as its not portable. Emergence of modem got very high acceptance and Banglalion wimax filled the space very smartly being sincere about its investment, very high demand is existing in some small city and other regions all over the country. This research will verify how worthy would be the investment of network expansion in Savar. A company should never take decision in ambiguity, Savar, one of the important upazila contains potential market though it could be said by assumption, because first company should know are they ready to accept the service. Earlier some areas have showed potential market but didn’t give positive response because of competitors, local broadband providers was in a strong position. Before investing it should be found that how the competitors are operating, is the market ready to switch? if they, then how long will it take? do education and demographic information seem positive or ot ,occupation and computer users number and all other information and their willingness to accept the service is subject to verify. Savar seem to be a potential field as its demography and environment is positive. Some information’s about Savar – The main occupations are Agriculture 24. 34%, agricul tural labourer 12. 84%, wage labourer 4. 44%, cattle breeding, forestry and fishing 1. 90%, industry 1. 37%, commerce 17. 35%, service 20. 68%, construction 1. 66%, transport 3. 96% and others 11. 46%. There are many other important institutions in Savar. The 9th Division Army Cantonment is located here. There is a Military Firm and Govt Dairy Firm beside Jahangirnagar University. BPATC training center (Public Administration Training Centre), the only training centre for the public service commissioned officers in Bangladesh, is situated in Savar. Radio Bangladesh (Bangladesh Betar) employers Residence and The Transmission Zone with huge Transmission Setup. (HPT-1; high power transmission, HPT-2 etc. ). Two Largest entertainment theme parks of Bangladesh namely â€Å"Fantasy Kingdom† and â€Å"Nondon Park† are also located here. Fantasy is situated in Jamgora Bazar and Nondon Park is situated in Jirani. BKSP, Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan, the only national sports institute of Bangladesh is also situated in Jirani Bazar, Savar. Dhaka Export processing Zone, DEPZ is also situated in this upazila. There are 2 universities, 5 colleges, 5 school and colleges, 38 high schools, 3 junior high schools, 16 madrasas, 88 government primary schools, 13 non-government primary schools, 12 community schools, 8 satellite schools, and 1 sports institution. Some of the noteworthy institutions are Adhar Chandra High School (established in 1913), Jahangirnagar University (along with its School and College), Gana Bishwabiddalay, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre, Bangladesh Krira Shikha Institution, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Satellite Ground Receiving Station (Talibabad), National Institute of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar Youth Training Centre, Brac Training Centre. All the macro environmental factors satisfy that there is a positive environment in savar and these institutions and industries can give thousands of users, now it is needed to find out that demand among possible market is high or low, their willingness to purchase and brand loyalty of them, how much they are influenced by promotional activities of Banglalion so far, competitors position by conducting research thus the research is must to get to know that. The study proved that Banglalion and wimax industry has potentials in Savar and network expansion should be taken into account to grab the large market. Introduction WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802. 16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802. 11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance. WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The original IEEE 802. 16 standard (now called â€Å"Fixed WiMAX†) was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea. [4] Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802. 16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions such as 802. 16m-2011. WiMAX is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Wi-Fi on steroids†[5] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi but it can also permit usage at much greater distances. [6] Uses The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: †¢ Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. †¢ Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for â€Å"last mile† broadband access. †¢ Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). †¢ Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. Internet access WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator. Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations. Backhaul Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations. [7][8] In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network. ) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded. [9] Capacities of between 34  Mbit/s and 1  Gbit/s [10] are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1  M. S. In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. Triple-play WiMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting). On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120  MHz of spectrum and merged with Clear wire to market the service. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services. Some analysts questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile onvergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandw idth; it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, inspiring competitors into collaboration. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase. Deployment †¢ WiMAX access was used to assist with communications in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in December 2004. All communication infrastructures in the area, other than amateur radio, was destroyed, making the survivors unable to communicate with people outside the disaster area and vice versa. WiMAX provided broadband access that helped regenerate communication to and from Aceh. †¢ WiMAX hardware was donated by Intel Corporation to assist the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. [11] In practice, volunteers used mainly self-healing mesh, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and a satellite uplink combined with Wi-Fi on the local link. Connecting [pic] A WiMAX USB modem for mobile internet Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as the â€Å"subscriber unit† (SU). Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular smart phones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other 3G cellular technologies. The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices. Gateways WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers. Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, Motorola, and Green Packet are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide: †¢ An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business. †¢ Ethernet ports to connect directly to a computer or DVR instead. †¢ One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP. Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally-installed external units. Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit. External modems [pic] External USB modem by Yota marketing in Russia, 2010 USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through what is called a dongle. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles typically have omni directional antennae which are of lower-gain compared to other devices; as such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage. Mobile phones HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008. The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network. HTC and Sprint Nextel released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010, is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(4G) as well as simultaneous data & voice sessions. A number of WiMAX Mobiles are expected to hit the US market in 2011. Technical nformation |[pic] |It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into IEEE 802. 16 . (Discuss Proposed since August 2011. | The IEEE 802. 16 Standard WiMAX is based upon IEEE Std 802. 16e-2005, approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE STD 802. 16-2004and so the actual standar d is 802. 16-2004 as amended by 802. 16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together. IEEE 802. 16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802. 16-2004 by: †¢ Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802. 16e-2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX. Scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1. 25  MHz, 5  MHz, 10  MHz or 20  MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1. 25  MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. Car rier spacing is 10. 94  kHz. †¢ Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) †¢ Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MIMO technology Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration †¢ Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) †¢ Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa †¢ Adding an extra Quos class for VoIP applications. SOFDMA (used in 802. 16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802. 16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e. g. , Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX). Physical layer The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802. 16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66  GHz range. 802. 16a, updated in 2004 to 802. 16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11  GHz range. 802. 16-2004 was updated by 802. 6e-2005 in 2005 and uses s calable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802. 16d. More advanced versions, including 802. 16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO (See WiMAX MIMO). This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energy-efficient pre-4G technique among LTE and HSPA+. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL, MAC (data link) layer The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (Quos) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station. Deployment As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a high carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station. The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network. The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth. ) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames. As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality. The Asia-Pacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers. There were around 1. 7 million pre-WIMAX and WIMAX customers in Asia – 29% of the overall market – compared to 1. 4 million in the USA and Canada. [19] Spectrum allocation There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2. 3  GHz, 2. 5  GHz and 3. 5  GHz, in an effort to drive standardization and decrease cost. In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2. 5  GHz,[21] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clear wire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2. 3  GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2. 5  GHz, 3. 3  GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3. 5  GHz. Analog TV bands (700  MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll out of digital TV, nd there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT. [22] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500–800  MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX. [23] WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3. 5  MHz, 5  MHz, 7  MHz and 10  MHz. The mobile profiles are 5  MHz, 8. 75  MHz and 10  MHz. (Note: the 802. 16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles. ) Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2. 5-2. 69  GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000. Spectral efficiency One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802. 16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3. 7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3. 5–4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems. Inherent Limitations WiMAX cannot deliver 70  Mbit/s over 50 kilometers (31 miles). Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not both. Operating at the maximum range of 50  km (31 miles) increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to under 1  km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates. A city-wide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia demonstrated that customers at the cell-edge with an indoor Customer-premises equipment(CPE) typically obtain speeds of around 1–4  Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell tower obtaining speeds of up to 30  Mbit/s. Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMAX's Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4-8  Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required. Silicon implementations [pic] Picture of a WiMAX MIMO board A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2. 3, 2. 5 and 3.   GHz band (refer to ‘Spectrum allocation' above). These companies include but not limited to Beceem, Sequans and PicoChip. Intel Corporation is a leader in promoting WiMAX, but has limited its WiMAX chipset development and instead chosen to invest in these speciali zed companies producing silicon compatible with the various WiMAX deployments throughout the globe. Comparison Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. †¢ WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network. †¢ Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices. †¢ Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC. †¢ WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (Quos) mechanisms: o WiMAX uses a Quos mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms. o Wi-Fi uses contention access – all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. †¢ Both 802. 11 (which includes Wi-Fi) and 802. 16 (which includes WiMAX) define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802. 11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802. 16 end user devices must be in range of the base station. Although Wi-Fi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit which connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi within the home or business for local devices (e. g. , Laptops, Wi-Fi Handsets, smart phones) for connectivity. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area (such as a window), and still be able to use the WiMAX network from any place within their residence. Background Seven major division is under coverage of Banglalion ut not fully,Savar has been believed as one of the major region . now information and possibilities of svar are subject to look at here before taking any major decision by Banglalion. Savar has 13 Unions/Wards, 350 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 321 villages. The municipal area (Savar Town) consists of 9 wards and 55 mahallas. The area of the town is 24. 1  km?. It has a population of 124885; male 53. 03%, female 46. 97%; population density per km? of 5182. Savar thana was established in 1912 and was turned into an upazila in 1983. Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Savar. The main crops grown here are Paddy, Jute, peanut, onion, garlic, chilli and other vegetables. The extinct or nearly extinct crops in the region are Aus paddy, Asha Kumari paddy, sesame, linseed, kali mator, randhuni saj, mitha saj, kaun and mas kalai. The main fruits cultivated here are Jackfruit, mango, olive, papaya, guava, kamranga, berry and banana. There are 181 combined fisheries, dairies and poultries Dairy, 5 hatcheries, 209 poultries, and 1319 fisheries. Manufacturing facilities include Ceramic industry, beverage industry, press and publication, garments industry, foot ware, jute mills, textile mills, printing and dying factory, transformer industry, automobile industry, biscuit and bread factory, pharmaceutical industry, soap factory, brick field, cold storage, welding, plant nursery, etc. Bangladesh Export Processing Zone is located in this upazila. The Cottage industry includes 8 Weaving, 100 goldsmith and 29 others workshops. The main exports are Jackfruit, papaya, flower, sapling, dairy products, meat, transformer, fabrics, dye, medicine, readymade garments, electronics and electric goods, shoe, brick, sweetmeat etc. There are 62  km of pucca, 56  km of semi pucca, 562  km of mud road; and 50  km of highway. Transports used here include the traditional (and extinct or nearly extinct) Palanquin, bullock cart and horse carriage as well as modern day vehicles. There are 14 regular Hats and bazars here. Noted bazars are Savar, Nabinagar, Amin Bazar, Balibhadra and Bagbari Bazar. Noted hats include Ashulia, Savar, Shimulia, Kathgara, Sadullapur, Nayar hat (with adjoined bazar), and Vhakurar Hat. Prominent fairs include Darogali Bayati Mela (Nayarhat), Bahattar Prahar mela (Savar), Ghora Pirer Mela (Nalam), Muharram Mela (Katlapur) and Pawsh Mela (Dhamsona). Several Hindu families played a critical role in the development of the township during the British Raj in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. After partition of India in 1947, the Hindu influence in the area waned following the departure of many prominent Hindu families. The 1960s saw the establishment of some important institutions, including a dairy farm and a University in the area. Concurrently, communist politics was on the rise in the area. However, this was replaced with Bengali nationalist zeal, when the Awami League won the 1970 election in this constituency. In 1975, Savar came to the spotlight when the Maoist leader Shiraj Shikdar was secretly tortured and executed at Savar cantonment. Savar was politically important to the military dictators of the mid-1970s and '80s, as the cantonment armory here was the closest one outside the capital. From the 1990s to mid-2000s, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate has been routinely elected to parliament from this constituency. However, Awami League and other parties; Communist Party of Bangladesh, Bangladesher Samajtantrik Dal, Worker's Party(Menon), National Awami Party, Sammobady Dal (including several Islamist ones) continue to have grassroots presence. The general election at the end of 2008 saw an Awami League candidate elected to parliament from this constituency. Jahangirnagar University and a few colleges in the area serve as a hotbed of active student politics and strife. Foreign dignitaries customarily visit Savar as a part of their trip to Bangladesh to pay respect to the martyrs of 1971 a Savar is the home of Jahangirnagar University, a Public University of Bangladesh and only University for full student residence facilities which is famous for its scenic beauty and as a prime destination for the Siberian migratory birds during winter. There are many other important institutions in Savar. The 9th Division Army Cantonment is located here. There is a Military Firm and Govt Dairy Firm Beside Jahangirnagar University. BPATC training center (Public Administration Training Centre), the only training centre for the public service commissioned officers in Bangladesh, is situated in Savar. Radio Bangladesh (Bangladesh Betar) employers Residence and The Transmission Zone with huge Transmission Setup. HPT-1; high power transmission, HPT-2 etc. ). Two Largest entertainment theme parks of Bangladesh namely â€Å"Fantasy Kingdom† and â€Å"Nondon Parkâ⠂¬  are also located here. Fantasy Kingdom is situated in Jamgora Bazar and Nondon Park is situated in Jirani. BKSP, Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan, the only national sports institute of Bangladesh is also situated in Jirani Bazar, Savar. Dhaka Export processing Zone, DEPZ is also situated in this upazila. There are 318 Mosques, 8 churches and 68 other religious institutions, most noted of which are Jahangirnagar University and Savar Dairy Farm Mosques, Savar Baptist Church, Savar Daskinpara Harir Akhra Temple and Panchabati Ashram Temple. There are 2 universities, 5 colleges, 5 school and colleges, 38 high schools, 3 junior high schools, 16 madrasas, 88 government primary schools, 13 non-government primary schools, 12 community schools, 8 satellite schools, and 1 sports institution. Some of the noteworthy institutions are Adhar Chandra High School (established in 1913), Jahangirnagar University (along with its School and College), Gana Bishwabiddalay, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre, Bangladesh Krira Shikha Institution, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Satellite Ground Receiving Station (Talibabad), National Institute of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar Youth Training Centre, Brac Training Centre. The locally published newspapers and periodicals are Jagrata Kantha, Savar Barta, Saf Katha, Savar Kantha and Ganabhasa. The officially registered cultural and social organizations here include 81 Co-operative societies, 1 children's organization, 3 film societies, 5 cinema halls, 5 theatre groups, 1 theatre stage, 3 music centre, 5 orphanages, 1 opera party (an indigenous travelling theater troop), 3 women's club, 1 chapter of Bangladesh Mohila Parishad, 2 Amnesty organizations, 1 golf club, 2 entertainment parks. There are numerous other unofficial organizations as well. The operationally important NGOs are brac, asa, proshika, grameen bank, Ganasastha Kendra, World Vision, Swanirvor Bangladesh, VERC, Palli Mangal Karmasuchi, CDD, Adesh, Mother Vision Society of Bangladesh (AID FOR EYE DISABLE) etc. The health centers in Savar include 1 Upazila health complex, a combined military hospital (Savar Cantonment), the Korea Bangladesh Friendship Hospital, 7 family planning centers, 2 satellite clinics, and 21 private clinics. Objectives Broad objective †¢ To find out the prospects of wimax industry and Banglalion in Savar. Specific objective †¢ To know about product related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion †¢ To know about price related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion †¢ To know about Distribution related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion †¢ To know about promotion related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion Scope and limitations We could have conduct vast survey if we had enough members and other supports. If we could have a representative of Banglalion communication would be easier with sample as they could have all their answers Limitations we faced are Time constraint †¢ Insufficient Lab facilities †¢ Restrictions when entering several offices †¢ Lack of cooperativeness by the authority Methodology The data is collected from primary and secondary source. To find out the primary data we have done a survey in savar and also made an informal interview with some lo cal people. We also had to use the Secondary source for company profile. We visited their website and some other websites for relevant information. And to analyze we used SPSS 12 for statistical analysis. Company overview Banglalion Communications Ltd is a private limited company incorporated in Bangladesh on 5 Nov 2008 under the Companies Act, 1994. The company obtained license from Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to operate Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services nationwide using WiMAX technology in 18 November 2008. Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd yesterday launched the much-waited wireless broadband service through WiMax in some designated areas in Dhaka. Augere, one of the two WiMax licensees, is the first company in Bangladesh to launch such service under the brand name ‘Banglalion'. Augere is initially offering two packages. Customer will have to pay Tk 3,400 a month for the Banglalion 512 kbps package. The monthly charge for the Qubee 1 Mb has been fixed at Tk 6,200, while the modem price for both the packages is Tk 7,000. Initially, the service was available for businesses and residential customers in Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Mirpur and Uttara. Service will be available across Bangladesh soon. WiMax is a technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology supports peak download rates of up to 46 Mbps and peak uplink rates of up to 14 Mbps. Jerry Mobbs, chief executive officer of Augere Bangladesh, Russell T Ahmed, chief marketing officer, were present at the launching ceremony. Augere also unveiled a Flagship Store at Gulshan to provide 24-hour customer services. Three bidders — BanglaLion Communication, BRAC BD Mail Network Ltd and Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd — won the WiMax licences through an auction organised by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) in September last year. However, BRAC later refused to take the licence. UK-based Augere Holdings owns 60 percent of Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd along with two local companies. Teleport Bangladesh owns 30 percent and Aamra Resources Ltd owns the remaining 10 percent. Banglalion provides broadband internet services to residential and commercial users in Bangladesh using WiMAX technology. We understand, that consumer and businesses in Bangladesh need and want faster, accessible, and affordable broadband internet service and we are working hard to ensure that. We are a new company with Integrity, Dynamism, Commitment and Innovation who continuously developing our infrastructure starting in Dhaka and some major cities, thus bringing the whole country under coverage. Banglalion currently covers 8 divisional cities Dhaka, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna, Rangpur & Barisal with hopes of covering all the major areas of Dhaka city by the end of 2010, entire Dhaka city by second quarter of 2011, and the entire country by the second quarter of 2013. Banglalion has already made a presence in Chittagong by covering some major areas in the city with about 14 BTS. Meantime, network rollout in other major cities such as: Munshiganj, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Comilla, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Satkhira, Bogra, and Cox's Bazar are about to begin. These cities and peripheries are expected to be under the coverage of BanglaLion by the end of 2nd quarter 2012; BanglaLion plans to bring most of the areas of the country under its seamless coverage. As part of the coverage plan, BanglaLion has already installed & commissioned 35 BTSs. With these 35 BTSs, BanglaLion plans to cover the key areas of Dhaka by end of December 2009. By the 1st quarter of 2010, BanglaLion plans to bring the whole Dhaka city and it’s wider periphery under coverage by installing 300 BTSs. Meantime, network rollout in other major cities such as; Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal are about to begin. These cities and peripheries are xpected to be under the coverage of BanglaLion coverage by the 3rd quarter of 2010 and by the end of 2nd quarter 2011, BanglaLion plans to bring most of the areas of the country under its seamless coverage Right now you can find our partial coverage in the following locations in Dhaka City: Motijheel ,Chankherpul , Nakhal Para, Banani,Uttara,Mohakhali, Shyamoli,Mouchak,Central Road ,Dhanmondi,Gulshan Lalmatia Mohammadpur Badda TikatoliMugda Para/Bashab,Nikunja,Kochukhet,Baridhara (DOHS),Rampura/Banasree Result and Discussion Product related discussion Statistics | |Wimax Industry | |. 031 |4 | Reliability test means how reliable the responses are but here value of alpha should have been around . or more but still it is positive and after deleting two negative value we found that the responses are not that reliable but we can be positive about the responses. Price related statistics Statistics | |Prepaid Charges|Postpaid Charges|Charges of |B. p worth the |Availability | | | | |broadband providers|charges | | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 |100 | |Median |4. 00 |4. 00 |2. 00 |2. 00 |5. 0 | |Mode |5 |5 |2 |2 |5 | The table indicate that prepaid charges are reasonable and as well as postpaid charges,but charges of broadband providers could not satisfy the subscribers as thir response mostly said they disagree and on avegare they are disagre and median is again disagree. Price related Reliability statistics |Cronbach's Alpha |N of Items | |. 276 |4 | Here after removing one negative value we can be positive that the answers are reliable although value of alpha is below standard. Distribution related Statistics |Availability |Bill payment |Customer care | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 | | |Missing |4 |4 |4 | |Mean |4. 48 |4. 21 |3. 70 | |Median |5. 00 |4. 00 |4. 00 | |Mode |5 |4 |3 | Maximum people agreed that they want scratch card of prepaid Banglalion available in mobile and telecommunications shop and they strongly agreed mostly and on average they are agreed or strongly agreed They want to pay bills from local telecommunication shops as rear response was between the ranges of agree and strongly agree. Along with online customer care service people want customer care centre, but many stayed neutral in this regard perhaps they want the service to get experienced first then they will may think about customer care. Reliability statistics |Cronbach's Alpha |N of Items | |. 147 |3 | Again we can be positive about the respondents as we got a positive value of cronbachs alpha and it would have been better if it would show . 5 or above but still we will be positive. Promotion related statistics | |word of mouth | |. 111 |4 | Promotion related responses are positive again and though . 5 or above value is still missing but we can be positive about the responses. Findings People of Savar will gladly welcome wimax industry as they have lots of institutes and business and education is rich in number according to census board. †¢ Local broadband providers could not provide good enough service as they do not take prompt action when they get any complaints and that do not give connection duri ng weather hazard and even in case of heavy rainfall †¢ Surprises motivate customers but broadband providers do not provide that and the business is based on dealership so there is no formal strategy is followed †¢ Promotion of banglalion made good impact on them they heard through word of mouth and they and they are pleased with media exposure that indicates no promotional strategy will be needed to follow specially for savar. Social network and online income is the craze among the youth and Banglalion targeted that while promotion their product. †¢ Banglalion gives surprises and free usage and that is not provided by broadband providers and free usage is demanded by the customers that means no other treatment would be needed. †¢ Banglalion distributes scratch cards in local telecommunication shops to make it available again people of Savar want these this way †¢ As all the information’s showed positive responses and all the strategy followed by Bang lalion matched there are lots of possibilities in Savar †¢ Demographic information shows positive result too †¢ Failure of broadband providers is creating a chance to grab a huge market. Conclusion and Recommendation Banglaion has all they need to expand their service and the people of savar and its infrastructure development are favorable too. Banglalion should not change its promotional and distributional strategies as they would need time and fund for that but they should design plans for savar. Savar is such an area where tower for network coverage for wimax service has not been established yet. So Banglalion should be the pioneer is Savar before competitors fill the gap. Banglalion’s marketing strategy has worked well in Savar as they know the brand as a well-known one. Its word of mouth has reached to a large market so it should continue with its service consistently. Price has been important factor for choosing a brand over competitor as Banglalion provides many packages customer can fine tune their choices and price should not be increased and it should continue its strategy of giving free usage Distribution system and strategy has got positive response and local telecommunication shops have been proved as useful tool. Customer did not emphasize on customer care centre so that indicate establishment of network could be started first. Later on customer care may be established. Appendix Statistics | |Wimax Industry |Preferences |Staying Home |Online Income | |Valid |Agree |47 |45. 2 |47. 0 |47. 0 | | |Strongly agree |53 |51. 0 |53. 0 |100. | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Preferences | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Neutral |17 |16. 3 |17. 0 |17. 0 | | |Agree |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |57. | | |Strongly agree |43 |41. 3 |43. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Online Income | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |12 |11. 5 |12. |12. 0 | | |Neutral |20 |19. 2 |20. 0 |32. 0 | | |Agree |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |66. 0 | | |Strongly agree |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. | | | Social Network | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Neutral |14 |13. 5 |14. 0 |14. 0 | | |Agree |46 |44. 2 |46. 0 |60. 0 | | |Strongly agree |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Download | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Neutral |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Agree |49 |47. 1 |49. 0 |50. 0 | | |Strongly agree |50 |48. 1 |50. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics | |Prepaid Charges|Postpaid Cha rges|Charges of |B. p worth the |Availability | | | | |broadband providers|charges | | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 |100 | |Median |4. 00 |4. 00 |2. 00 |2. 00 |5. 0 | |Mode |5 |5 |2 |2 |5 | Prepaid Charges | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |8. 0 | | |Neutral |20 |19. 2 |20. 0 |28. 0 | | |Agree |29 |27. 9 |29. 0 |57. 0 | | |Strongly agree |43 |41. 3 |43. |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Postpaid Charges | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |9 |8. 7 |9. 0 |9. 0 | | |Neutral |22 |21. |22. 0 |31. 0 | | |Agree |33 |31. 7 |33. 0 |64. 0 | | |Strongly agree |36 |34. 6 |36. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Charges of broadband providers |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |24 |23. 1 |24. 0 |24. 0 | | |Disagree |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |66. 0 | | |Neutral |21 |20. 2 |21. 0 |87. 0 | | |Agree |6 |5. 8 |6. 0 |93. 0 | | |Strongly agree |7 |6. 7 |7. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | BP worth the charges | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |26 |25. 0 |26. 0 |26. 0 | | |Disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |74. 0 | | |Neutral |16 |15. |16. 0 |90. 0 | | |Agree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |95. 0 | | |Strongly agree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Availability |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Neutral |4 |3. 8 |4. 0 |5. 0 | | |Agree |41 |39. 4 |41. 0 |46. 0 | | |Strongly agree |54 |51. 9 |54. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics | |Availability |Bill payment |Customer care | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 | | |Missing |4 |4 |4 | |Mean |4. 48 |4. 21 |3. 70 | |Median |5. 00 |4. 00 |4. 0 | |Mode |5 |4 |3 | Bill payment | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |6. 0 | | |Neutral |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |14. 0 | | |Agree |44 |42. 3 |44. 0 |58. | | |Strongly agree |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Customer care | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |11 |10. 6 |11. 0 |11. | | |Neutral |37 |35. 6 |37. 0 |48. 0 | | |Agree |23 |22. 1 |23. 0 |71. 0 | | |Strongly agree |29 |27. 9 |29. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics |word of mouth |Media Exposure |Free usage |Weather Hazard | |Valid |Agree |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |42. 0 | | |Strongly agree |58 |55. 8 |58. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Media Exposure |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |9. 0 | | |Neutral |12 |11. 5 |12. 0 |21. 0 | | |Agree |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |55. 0 | | |Strongly agree |45 |43. 3 |45. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Free usage | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |6. 0 | | |Neutral |7 |6. |7. 0 |13. 0 | | |Agree |35 |33. 7 |35. 0 |48. 0 | | |Strongly agree |52 |50. 0 |52. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Weather Hazard |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |40. 0 | | |Disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |88. 0 | | |Neutral |10 |9. 6 |10. 0 |98. 0 | | |Agree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |99. 0 | | |Strongly agree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Surprises by BP | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |48. 0 | | |Disagree |52 |50. 0 |52. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Action taken by BP | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |37 |35. 6 |37. 0 |37. 0 | | |Disagree |49 |47. 1 |49. 0 |86. 0 | | |Neutral |9 |8. |9. 0 |95. 0 | | |Agree |4 |3. 8 |4. 0 |99. 0 | | |Strongly agree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha |N of Items | | |-. 038 |6 | | a. The value is negative due t

Pursuit of Efficiency and Effectiveness

Pursuit of Efficiency and Effectiveness Introduction The world is increasingly becoming competitive due to the emergence of new firms in various industries. According to Phipps (2011, p. 275), firms are finding themselves under increased pressure to deliver products of very high quality, but at subsidized prices to attract customers. Delivering products of high quality at reduced prices is not an easy task.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pursuit of Efficiency and Effectiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the cost of production has consistently been on the rise. Firms are finding themselves at awkward positions where they have to pay for the increased processes related to acquisition of raw materials and labor. It is not an easy undertaking for a firm to deliver products using inputs that are more expensive and still afford to charge competitive prices. However, there is no option for these firms. They must find ways through which they can maintain their competitive prices while at the same time increasing their products’ value. It is through this that they will be assured of an increased market share in the industries they operate. In order to achieve this, firms have realized that they have to maintain high efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The process of delivering products to the market must be very efficient. In this case, the efficiency involves ensuring the process takes place at the least possible cost within the shortest time possible. Effectiveness will be ensured by making sure the factors of production deliver output as expected. The management must be in control of these factors of production in order to deliver the desired results. There has been an argument that the pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness in the production process comes at the expense of the welfare of the workforce. Those who support this line of thinking argue that when the management emphasizes on producti on efficiency and effectiveness, it would always come at the expense of human resource. This is mainly because human resource is a factor of production. In order to enhance efficiency, there must be a reduced cost of production in the firm. This means that in the quest to lower this cost, the management will make an effort to cut the cost of labor in the firm. This would result into a scenario where the management will try to make maximum use of labor force at the least cost possible. This means that the management will try to exploit the workforce. This exploitation is what is referred to as lack of consideration for the welfare of the workforce. This research examines the claims that management’s pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness has been at the expense of labor’s welfare.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management’s Pursuit of Efficien cy and Effectiveness Comes According to Bowey (2005, p. 19), the human resource is the most important asset in the organization. The above scholar argues that for a firm to achieve its objectives, it must find a way of making employees part of the objectives. The workers are always responsible for the implementation of projects in the organization. The main input of employees is directly proportional to the overall output of the firm. When they work with motivation, their efforts will always be transferred to the overall output of the firm. The managements of some organizations have abused their employees despite their full knowledge of the impact these employees have on their organizations. These managers therefore consider using other mechanisms to ensure that employees do what is expected. There are cases where employees are forced to undertake duties against their wish because of the threats meted out by the management. According to Waddell, Jones, and George (2011, p. 112), the era when managers used carrot and stick tactics to make employees do what they want is long gone. Although some management units consider using punitive measures to motivate their employees in undertaking some important assignments, this strategy is outdated. When an employee works under such pressures, the drive ceases to a motivating factor and turns out to be fear. They develop fear that when they fail to do as expected and they might face the wrath of the management. The research done by Caldari (2007, p. 64) shows that some managers over emphasize the effectiveness and efficiency of their production at the expense of their employees. In such instances, employees are forced to work for overtime hours even if it is against their wish. In such instances, the management would demand that employees meet the set goals even if the goal is way beyond the original jurisdiction of the employee as signed during the hiring process. Some of the managements have opted to have a leaner workf orce as a way of increasing efficiency. These managements consider retrenching their employees whenever they feel the organization can run with a lesser number of employees. Retrenchment always has a ripple effect that results to massive negative effect both to the retrenched employees and to the remaining workforce. It is true that part of improving efficiency of an organization may involve having a lean, but very effective workforce. However, some managers always retrench employees in total disregard to the well-being of their employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pursuit of Efficiency and Effectiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The retrenched employees will have to look for alternative source of income. This will have a direct impact not only to them as individuals, but also to their families and other benefactors. To the remaining employees, their motivation will be reduced to the lowest level possib le. They will be working in constant fear that at any moment, their job may be terminated. This lack of job security is an abuse to the welfare of the employees. When other employees are retrenched, the remaining workforce will develop a sense of loss at the workplace. This is because those they had developed close ties with are forced out of the firm unceremoniously. These scholars also believe that when emphasis is laid on the efficiency and effectiveness of the factors of production, the welfare of the employees will be forgotten.  Employees are human beings with normal feelings. In order to protect their welfare, they should be awarded various incentives that will not only make them motivated in their work, but also make them renewed to deliver more in their respective areas of work. As such, there is need to ensure that they are given fully paid leave, teambuilding seminars, end-year parties to celebrate the achievements within that particular year, a pay rise to appreciate i mproved productivity among other incentives. However, most managements do not consider awarding their employees these incentives when their focus in on efficiency. They would consider the resources- in terms of money and time- ‘wasted’ in offering these incentives enough to increase part of production. As Caldari (2007, p. 61) says, whenever the management gives emphasis to efficiency and effectiveness, the welfare of the employees would be ignored. Schwartz (2007, p. 51) says that the argument that management’s pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness comes at the expense of labors’ welfare is not valid. This scholar observes that employees are always at the core of the production process. They are part of the organization, and for a firm to be able to succeed in its undertaking, there must be the goodwill from the employees. A firm may not operate as a distinct unit from its employees. The employees are the component of an organization, which helps in ens uring that the organization’s objectives are on the track. For this reason, when the management focuses on efficiency and effectiveness of its production process, the employees will be part of their focus.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, lack of efficiency within an organization does not mean that the welfare of the employees is well taken care of within the firm. In fact, the opposite can be said to be the truth. This is because when an organization is not efficient and effective in its production process, then it would most likely register losses. A firm that registers losses cannot be considered able to meet the welfare of its employees. This is because it will lack the financial power to meet most of its obligations. Improving efficiency means improving every segment of a firm, with employees being part of it. It means ensuring that every section of the organization performs optimally. It is a scenario where the focus of the management is both on the employees and on the production. Blake and Mouton’s managerial theory below helps bring out this point much clearly. Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid Black and Mouton’s managerial grid is one of the most important leadership the ories in the contemporary world. The grid is as shown below. As evidenced from the above grid, the theory gives emphasis on concern for people and concern for production. As a leader, there is always a concern to ensure that the organization functions effectively (Sikula, Olmosk, Kim, Cupps 2001, p. 18). This can be measured by increased productivity of the firm. This theory says that productivity should not be overemphasized at the expense of employees. Employees are very valuable to any organization and their interest should be taken care. The need for productivity should be balanced with the need to protect the employees. At level 1.1, the graph shows there is impoverished management where employees concern is not taken care of and production is poor. At (9,1), emphasis is laid on task, while taking middle ground (5.5) would help the firm achieve its objectives moderately with moderately satisfied employees. At level 1, 9, emphasis is given on concern for employees. The best gr id is at 9.9, which always referred to as team management. Employees concern is emphasized while ensuring that production is put at maximum levels possible. Basing leadership upon this theory, a leader would need to realize that for there to be a change in the production, the change should start with the employees. The employees should feel that the management cares for them. When this is achieved, it is easier for the management to introduce change. In order to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the production process, the management must consider both the welfare of the employees, and the productivity of all sections of the organization.  This theory above clearly demonstrates that seeking efficiency does not mean ignoring the welfare of the employees. In essence, it means ensuring that while the interests of the employees are well taken care of, the management should maximize the productivity of the employees and other factors of production to improve the productivity of th e firm. When a firm becomes more efficient and effective, it would increase its productivity and profitability in the market. This would translate to increased financial power. With the increased financial power, such a firm can afford to offer its employees a better pay, thereby improving their welfare. Schwartz (2007, p. 84) says that focusing on the efficiency and effectiveness within the firm is a process that cannot be achieved if the welfare of the employees is ignored. In order to ensure that employees give their best effort within the firm, there is always a need to ensure that employees are motivated, and are in support of what is being proposed by the management. There is need to ensure that the objectives of the organization is intertwined with that of employees. Conclusion Some scholars argue that when the management focuses on efficiency and effectiveness in the firm, there is likelihood that the welfare of the employees will be ignored. Although their arguments are fac tual, there is no absolute truth regarding the matter. It is not possible to ignore the welfare of the employees and succeed in achieving efficiency and effectiveness of the firm. This argument is therefore invalid based on the discussion above. List of References Bowey, A 2005, Motivation: the art of putting theory into practice, Organisation Advice and Research, vol. 1, no. 20, pp. 17-20. Caldari, K 2007, Alfred Marshall’s critical analysis of scientific management, Euro. J. History of Economic Thought, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 55 – 78. Phipps, S 2011, Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary: In a male-dominated field, women contributed by bringing a touch of spirituality to early management theory and practice, Journal of Management History, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 270-281. Schwartz, M 2007, The â€Å"business ethics† of management theory, Journal of Management History, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43-54. Sikula, A, Olmosk, K, Kim, C Cupps, S 2001, A New Theory of Management, Ethics and B ehavior, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-21. Waddell, D, Jones, R, George, J 2011, Contemporary Management, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Sydney.